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Shamanism, often characterized as the earliest form of spirituality, offers unique insights into the human quest for meaning, health, and connection with the natural world. This primal belief system, prevalent among hunter-gatherer societies and indigenous cultures, focuses on the Shaman—a spiritual mediator with the ability to traverse the physical and spiritual realms.
The study of dispute resolution mechanisms in pre-literate societies offers an important window into the complexity of these societies and their sophisticated approach to maintaining social order. Despite their lack of written laws or formal institutions, these societies developed effective systems for resolving disputes, preventing conflicts, and upholding social norms.
Nevertheless, for the purpose of understanding cultural and historical differences, five major racial groups are typically recognized: Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid, and Amerindian
The Archaeological Deposit Model (ADM) provides a vital tool for interpreting buried archaeological remains. Derived from geological stratigraphy, it is employed to understand the chronological sequence of site formation.
Dark Earth, also known as terra preta or Amazonian black earth, is a type of soil found in the Amazon Basin, widely revered for its incredible fertility and carbon storage capabilities. This human-made soil is a fascinating testament to the innovative agriculture of ancient Amazonian civilizations, revealing critical lessons for contemporary agricultural and climate-change mitigation strategies.
Seriation is a relative dating technique used by archaeologists. The method relies on changes in the popularity of different styles or types of artifacts over time. It allows archaeologists to sequence or arrange a collection of objects in the order they were made.
Projectile points, also known as arrowheads or spearheads, have been used throughout history for hunting and warfare. Their unique shapes and sizes offer clues to archaeologists about past civilizations, technological advancements, and migration patterns.
Post excavation analysis, also known as post-fieldwork analysis or lab analysis, refers to the evaluation, interpretation, and recording of archaeological materials and data once the fieldwork has ended. It transforms the raw data collected during excavation into a meaningful narrative of the past.
Lithic analysis refers to the detailed study of stone tools and other chipped stone artifacts using scientific techniques. It allows archaeologists to understand human behaviors and adaptations in prehistoric times.
The law of superposition is a key axiom in geology and archaeology that states that in undisturbed layers of rocks or soils, the youngest layer is on top, and the oldest is on the bottom. In other words, each layer is presumed to be
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a sophisticated and valuable geophysical tool that deploys radar pulses to generate an image of the subsurface. It uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band of the radio spectrum and detects reflected signals from structures or inconsistencies beneath the ground.
The MNS blood group system is one of the several human blood group systems recognized by the International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT). It was first discovered in 1927, following the discovery of the ABO system, and it is notable for its complexity and its significant implications in transfusion medicine and disease association.
