Kinanthropometry

Kinanthropometry is a branch of sports science that focuses on measuring and analyzing aspects of the human body’s composition, size, and shape. It offers critical information about athletic performance, injury avoidance, and general health.

Foundations of Kinanthropometry

A. Definition and origin of kinanthropometry

Kinanthropometry is derived from the Greek words “kinein” (to move), “anthropos” (human), and “metron” (measure). It refers to the systematic measurement and analysis of human body dimensions, proportions, and composition in relation to movement and physical activity [1]. As a scientific discipline, kinanthropometry emerged in the mid-20th century with the growing interest in understanding the relationship between human body characteristics and athletic performance [2].

B. Relationship between kinanthropometry and other disciplines

Kinanthropometry is closely related to other disciplines within sports and exercise science, such as biomechanics, exercise physiology, and nutrition. These disciplines often work together to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual’s physical abilities and limitations. For example, kinanthropometric measurements can help biomechanists understand how body proportions affect movement patterns, while exercise physiologists may use body composition data to determine the energy requirements of an athlete [3].

C. Principles of body measurement

Accurate and reliable body measurements are critical for meaningful kinanthropometric assessments. Key principles of body measurement include consistency, standardization, and precision. Consistency involves using the same techniques and tools for all measurements, while standardization requires adherence to established protocols and guidelines. Precision refers to the ability to obtain accurate and reproducible measurements, which is crucial for monitoring changes over time [4].

Kinanthropometry and Anthropology

Kinanthropometry is closely related to the field of physical anthropology [30]. Kinanthropometry is the study of the relationship between human structure and movement and is considered a subject within human biology or physical anthropology [31]. Physical anthropology is the study of human biological variation in the past and present, including human evolution, and biocultural adaptation. By studying the relationship between human structure and movement, kinanthropometry contributes to the broader field of physical anthropology. The relationship between kinanthropometry and physical anthropology is one of overlap and integration, as the study of human structure and movement contributes to a better understanding of human biology and adaptation.

Key Concepts and Techniques in Kinanthropometry

A. Anthropometry

1. Definition and purpose: Anthropometry is the study of human body dimensions, including size, shape, and proportions. It provides valuable insights into individual and population differences, as well as the relationship between body dimensions and various aspects of physical performance and health [5]. In kinanthropometry, anthropometric measurements are used to inform training programs, monitor growth and development, and evaluate injury risk and rehabilitation progress.
2. Common anthropometric measurements: Some common anthropometric measurements include height, weight, limb lengths, and girths. Additionally, skinfold thickness measurements are often used to estimate body fat percentage [6].
3. Techniques and tools for accurate measurement: Several tools and techniques are commonly used in anthropometry, such as stadiometers for measuring height, weighing scales for weight, and anthropometric tapes for girth measurements. Skinfold calipers are used to measure skinfold thickness at various sites on the body. To ensure accuracy, it is essential to follow standardized protocols, such as those outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) [7].

B. Body Composition Assessment

1. Importance of body composition in athletic performance and health: Body composition refers to the distribution of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues in the body. It plays a crucial role in determining an individual’s physical abilities, metabolic health, and susceptibility to injury. In sports, a favorable body composition often translates to improved performance, while in the general population, it is linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases [8].
2. Techniques for assessing body composition: Various methods are available for assessing body composition, ranging from simple field techniques to advanced laboratory-based methods. Some common techniques include:
   • Skinfold calipers: This method involves measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat at specific sites on the body, which can be used to estimate body fat percentage [9].
   • Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): BIA estimates body composition by measuring the body’s resistance to a small electrical current. The principle behind BIA is that lean body mass conducts electricity better than fat mass, allowing for an estimation of body fat percentage [10].
   • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): DXA is a gold-standard method for body composition assessment, providing detailed information on fat, lean, and bone mass. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel, making it less accessible for routine use [11].
3. Interpretation of body composition results: Interpreting body composition results requires an understanding of the specific demands of the sport or activity and the individual’s unique characteristics. For example, an endurance athlete may benefit from a lower body fat percentage, while a power athlete may require a greater amount of lean mass for optimal performance [12]. It is also important to consider age, gender, and ethnicity when interpreting body composition data, as these factors can influence the distribution of body tissues [13].

C. Somatotyping

1. Definition and rationale: Somatotyping is the classification of individuals into distinct body types based on their physical appearance and body composition. The somatotype concept is based on the belief that an individual’s body type is associated with certain physiological and psychological traits, which can influence their athletic performance [14].
2. The three somatotypes: ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph: The most widely used somatotyping system is the Heath-Carter method, which classifies individuals into three main somatotypes [15]:
   • Ectomorph: Characterized by a lean, linear physique with minimal fat and muscle mass.
   • Mesomorph: Exhibits a muscular, athletic build with well-developed muscles and low body fat.
   • Endomorph: Features a rounder, softer appearance with a higher proportion of body fat and less muscle definition.
3. Methods for somatotype assessment: Somatotype assessment typically involves a combination of anthropometric measurements, such as skinfold thickness, limb girths, and bone widths. These measurements are then used to calculate a somatotype score, which can be plotted on a somatochart to visually represent the individual’s body type [16].

Applications of Kinanthropometry in Sports and Exercise

• Talent identification and development: Kinanthropometric assessments can help identify and develop young athletes with the physical characteristics associated with success in specific sports. For example, tall individuals with long limbs may be better suited for sports such as basketball or volleyball, while those with high muscle mass and power may excel in strength-based sports like weightlifting [17].
• Individualized training programs: By understanding an athlete’s unique body composition and somatotype, coaches and trainers can develop tailored training programs that optimize performance, address weaknesses, and minimize injury risk [18].
• Injury prevention and rehabilitation: Kinanthropometry can be used to identify potential injury risk factors, such as muscle imbalances or excessive body fat. It can also be employed to monitor the progress of rehabilitation programs and ensure a safe return to sport [19].
• Nutritional guidance and weight management: Body composition assessments can inform an athlete’s dietary needs and help them achieve optimal weight for their sport. This is particularly important in weight-sensitive sports such as wrestling, rowing, or gymnastics, where achieving a specific weight class or aesthetic is crucial for performance [20].
• Performance monitoring and improvement: Regular kinanthropometric assessments can help track changes in an athlete’s body composition and identify areas for improvement. For example, a decrease in muscle mass or an increase in body fat may indicate a need for adjustments in training and nutrition strategies [21].

Kinanthropometry in Special Populations

• Children and adolescents: Kinanthropometric assessments can help monitor growth and development in young athletes, identify early signs of overtraining or undernutrition, and inform age-appropriate training and nutritional interventions [22].
• Older adults: In older adults, kinanthropometry can be used to assess age-related changes in body composition and help design exercise programs that promote healthy aging, prevent age-related diseases, and maintain functional independence [23].
• Individuals with disabilities: Kinanthropometry can provide valuable insights into the unique physical characteristics and limitations of individuals with disabilities, helping to create tailored exercise programs that enhance performance and improve overall health [24].
• Gender-specific considerations: Understanding the differences in body composition and somatotype between males and females can inform gender-specific training and nutritional recommendations, ensuring optimal performance and health outcomes for both sexes [25].

Ethical and Practical Considerations in Kinanthropometry

• Confidentiality and privacy: Practitioners must ensure that kinanthropometric data is collected and stored securely, respecting the privacy and confidentiality of the individuals involved [26].
• Cultural sensitivity: Cultural awareness and sensitivity are essential when conducting kinanthropometric assessments, as body image perceptions and ideals may vary across different cultural backgrounds [27].
• Standardization and reproducibility: Adhering to standardized protocols and guidelines, such as those provided by ISAK, is crucial for obtaining accurate and reproducible kinanthropometric measurements [28].
• Professional training and certification: Practitioners should pursue appropriate training and certification in kinanthropometry to ensure they possess the necessary knowledge and skills to conduct assessments accurately and ethically [29].

Conclusion

Overall, kinanthropometry is a critical tool in the world of sports and exercise, enabling a deeper understanding of the connections between human body characteristics and athletic performance. By employing key concepts and techniques in kinanthropometry, practitioners can assist athletes in optimizing their performance, preventing injuries, and realizing their full potential. As the field continues to advance, ongoing research and innovation will likely further enhance the impact and utility of kinanthropometry in sports and exercise.

FAQs about Kinanthropometry

See Also

Action Anthropology	American Anthropology	Anthropology of Art
Anthropology of Development	Applied Anthropology	Auto Anthropology
British Anthropology	Cognitive Anthropology	Corporate Anthropology
Cyborg Anthropology	Digital Anthropology	Economic Anthropology
Environmental Anthropology	Epidemiological Anthropology	Father of Anthropology
Forensic Anthropology	French Anthropology	German Anthropology
Indian Anthropology	Japanese Anthropology	Legal Anthropology
Media Anthropology	Museum Anthropology	Nutritional Anthropology
Philosophical Anthropology	Political Anthropology	Psychological Anthropology
Public Anthropology	Russian Anthropology	Theological Anthropology
Transpersonal Anthropology	Tribal Anthropology	Urban Anthropology
Visual Anthropology	Kinanthropometry	Sociology
Historical Anthropology	Cultural Anthropology	Archaeology

References

[1] Norton, K., & Olds, T. (Eds.). (1996). Anthropometrica. University of New South Wales Press.

[2] Carter, J. E. L., & Heath, B. H. (1990). Somatotyping: Development and applications. Cambridge University Press.

[3] Eston, R., & Reilly, T. (2009). Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335856556_ANTHROPOLOGY_AND_SPORT

[4] Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., Stewart, A., & Carter, L. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment. International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.

[5] Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: Review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. Sports Medicine, 42(3), 227-249.

[6] Nindl, B. C., & Friedl, K. E. (2013). What is a meaningful change in physical performance? Look beyond the P value. U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.

[7] Stewart, A., Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., & de Ridder, H. (2011). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.

[8] Meeuwsen, S., Horgan, G. W., & Elia, M. (2010). The relationship between BMI and percent body fat, measured by bioelectrical impedance, in a large adult sample is curvilinear and influenced by age and sex. Clinical Nutrition, 29(5), 560-566.

[9] Ball, S. D., Altena, T. S., & Swan, P. D. (2004). Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: A new prediction equation for men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(11), 1525-1531.

[10] Lukaski, H. C. (1987). Methods for the assessment of human body composition: Traditional and new. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46(4), 537-556.

[11] Wang, Z., Pierson, R. N., & Heymsfield, S. B. (1992). The five-level model: A new approach to organizing body-composition research. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(1), 19-28.

[12] Bouchard, C., & Malina, R. M. (1983). Genetics of physiological fitness and motor performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 11, 306-339.

[13] Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J. A., & Seidell, J. C. (1991). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(2), 105-114.

[14] Carter, J. E. L. (1967). The somatotypes of athletes: A review. Human Biology, 39(3), 336-350.

[15] Heath, B. H., & Carter, J. E. L. (1967). A modified somatotype method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27(1), 57-74.

[16] Carter, J. E. L., & Heath, B. H. (1990). Somatotyping: Development and applications. Cambridge University Press.

[17] Pearson, D. T., Naughton, G. A., & Torode, M. (2006). Predictability of physiological testing and the role of maturation in talent identification for adolescent team sports. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(4), 277-287.

[18] Laursen, P. B. (2010). Training for intense exercise performance: High-intensity or high-volume training? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 1-10.

[19] Meeuwisse, W. H., Tyreman, H., Hagel, B., & Emery, C. (2007). A dynamic model of etiology in sport injury: The recursive nature of risk and causation. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(3), 215-219.

[20] Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Garthe, I. (2011). Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(S1), S101-S114.

[21] Fornetti, W. C., Pivarnik, J. M., Foley, J. M., & Fiechtner, J. J. (1999). Reliability and validity of body composition measures in female athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(3), 1114-1122.

[22] Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Human Kinetics.

[23] Spirduso, W. W., & Cronin, D. L. (2001). Exercise dose-response effects on quality of life and independent living in older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(6), S598-S608.

[24] Vanlandewijck, Y. C., & Thompson, W. R. (2011). Training and coaching the paralympic athlete. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete, 1, 8-30.

[25] Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Gender differences in substrate metabolism during endurance exercise. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 25(4), 312-327.

[26] Waddington, I., & Smith, A. (2009). An Introduction to Drugs in Sport: Addicted to Winning? Routledge.

[27] Thompson, A., & Sherman, R. (2010). Reflections on athletes and eating disorders. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(5), 375-379.

[28] Olds, T., Norton, K., & Craig, N. (1996). Anthropometrica: A textbook of body measurement for sports and health courses. University of New South Wales Press.

[29] Stewart, A., & Sutton, L. (2012). Body composition in sport, exercise and health. Routledge.

[30] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02640410701249107

[31] https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/42208/3/Unit-3.pdf

External Links

• International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)
• What is Anthropology?